Callixtus II

Guy of Burgundy was born to rank. His father was count of Burgundy, and he counted the kings of France, England, Germany and Castile among his relations, which mattered more in this quarrel than any amount of canon law. As archbishop of Vienne he had been among the loudest critics of Paschal II's surrender to Henry V, and he was elected at Cluny in February 1119 by the handful of cardinals who had followed Gelasius II into exile.

He negotiated from strength for three years. Talks with Henry V collapsed at Mouzon in 1119; a council at Reims excommunicated the emperor; Callixtus then entered Italy, was received in Rome by acclamation in 1120, and hunted the antipope Gregory VIII to Sutri, where the citizens handed him over to be paraded through Rome sitting backwards on a camel.

The settlement came at Worms in September 1122. The emperor renounced investiture with ring and staff and conceded free canonical election; the pope conceded that German elections might take place in the emperor's presence and that the bishop would receive his temporal properties from the crown by the touch of a sceptre. Neither side won the argument. Both sides could live with it, and the fifty-year war ended.

Callixtus sealed it at the First Lateran Council in March 1123, the first general council held in the West, which enacted the Worms terms as universal law. He died the following year.